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In a general sense, the flow of energy is a function of primary productivity with temperature, water availability, and light availability. [25] For example, among aquatic ecosystems, higher rates of production are usually found in large rivers and shallow lakes than in deep lakes and clear headwater streams. [ 25 ]
The organisms responsible for primary production are called primary producers or autotrophs. Most marine primary production is generated by a diverse collection of marine microorganisms called algae and cyanobacteria. Together these form the principal primary producers at the base of the ocean food chain and produce half of the world's oxygen ...
Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, most often for food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds. It is a particular type of aquaculture , which is the controlled cultivation and harvesting of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans , molluscs and so on, in natural or pseudo-natural environments.
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture [1]), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus).
In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density [1], heat-flow density or heat-flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m 2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity.
Drag is a dissipative process which generally results in the generation of heat. In sea water, drag can be decomposed into two different forms: skin friction and pressure drag. Skin friction: just like other frictional forces, skin friction is a consequence of the relative movement between the surface of the organisms and its fluid environment.
A land-based plant could be built well inland from the shore, offering more protection from storms, or on the beach, where the pipes would be shorter. In either case, easy access for construction and operation helps lower costs. Land-based or near-shore sites can also support mariculture or chilled water agriculture.
Energy flow is directional, which contrasts against the cyclic flows of material through the food web systems. [33] Energy flow "typically includes production, consumption, assimilation, non-assimilation losses (feces), and respiration (maintenance costs)." [7]: 5 In a very general sense, energy flow (E) can be defined as the sum of metabolic ...