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Xenia (also known as the xenia effect) in plants is the effect of pollen on seeds and fruit of the fertilized plant. [1] The effect is separate from the contribution of the pollen towards the next generation. The term was coined in 1881 by the botanist Wilhelm Olbers Focke to refer to effects on maternal tissues, including the seed coat and ...
Macapuno also called coconut sport, is a naturally occurring coconut cultivar which has an abnormal development of the endosperm.The result of this abnormal development is a soft translucent jelly-like flesh that fills almost the entire central cavity of coconut seeds, with little to no coconut water.
Research has shown that C. mangshanensis pollen can produce a Xenia effect, influencing the aroma profile of other citrus fruits, such as pomelo. Pollination with C. mangshanensis pollen increases the levels of linalool oxides in fruit juice sacs, enhancing aroma quality.
Up to 1000 ovules (potential kernels) form per ear of corn, each of which produces a strand of corn silk from its tip that eventually emerges from the end of the ear. The emergence of at least one strand of silk from a given ear of corn is defined as growth stage R1, and the emergence of silk in 50% of the plants in a corn field is called "mid-silk".
Ximenia americana is a semiscandent plant that grows as a bush-forming shrub or small tree to between a height of 2–7 metres (6.6–23.0 ft), [9] [8] although plants being less than 4m (13 feet) are more commonly observed. [7] The trunk has a diameter of less than 10 cm (4 in); the bark has a colour of dark brown to pale gray. [9]
Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. [1] General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. [2]
Ethephon, a plant growth regulator product that is converted to ethylene after metabolism by the plant, can be used to increase fruit and seed production. [ 19 ] [ 26 ] Although Cucurbita species can generally produce healthy fruit after pollination from the same plant, inbreeding depression can significantly reduce seed number and fruit size.
The effects of heterosis seem to follow a rather simple epigenetic premise in plants. In hybrids, lack of proper regulatory action, such as silencing by methylation, leads to uninhibited genes. If the gene is involved in growth, such as photosynthesis, the plant will experience increased vitality. [16]