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The sulfonate ion. In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R−S(=O) 2 −O −, containing the functional group −S(=O) 2 −O −, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids.
General structure of a sulfonic acid with the functional group indicated in blue. In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O) 2 −OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O) 2 (OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide. [1]
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The structure of a sulfone Dimethyl sulfone, an example of a sulfone. In organic chemistry, a sulfone is a organosulfur compound containing a sulfonyl (R−S(=O) 2 −R’) functional group attached to two carbon atoms.
Many method have been developed for introducing sulfonate groups aside from direction sulfonation. A classic named reaction is the Piria reaction (Raffaele Piria, 1851) in which nitrobenzene is treated with a metal bisulfite forming an aminosulfonic acid as a result of combined nitro group reduction and sulfonation. [2] [5] [6] The Piria reaction
Sulfonyl groups can be written as having the general formula R−S(=O) 2 −R′, where there are two double bonds between the sulfur and oxygen. [1]: 53 [2]Sulfonyl groups can be reduced to the sulfide with diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBALH).
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The sulfonate group is negative in aqueous solution, which is why the α-olefin sulfonates are among the anionic surfactants. In contrast to most other surfactants in which the C 12 -alkyl chains have the highest surface activity, olefin sulfonates shows maximal activity when using C 14 and C 16 -olefins.