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Vaccines are another method of virotherapy that use attenuated or inactivated viruses to develop immunity to disease. An attenuated virus is a weakened virus that incites a natural immune response in the host that is often undetectable. The host also develops potentially life-long immunity due to the attenuated virus's similarity to the actual ...
The BK virus, also known as Human polyomavirus 1, is a member of the polyomavirus family. Past infection with the BK virus is widespread, [1] but significant consequences of infection are uncommon, with the exception of the immunocompromised and the immunosuppressed. BK virus is an abbreviation of the name of the first patient, from whom the ...
The global case fatality rate for Seoul virus is around 1%. Pathogenicity of Dobrava-Belgrade virus varies by genotype: infection with the deadlier geontypes results in death for 10–15% of the infected while for the milder genotypes the case fatality rate is 0.3–0.9%. Puumala virus infection has a case fatality rate of 0.1–0.4%. [2]
These factors make phage therapy an enticing option for the treatment of such infections, and there are currently two ways to go about such treatment. The first is to isolate the initial bacteria and make a specific treatment phage to target it, while the second way is to use a combination of more general phages. [ 83 ]
(A) When the host cell is only infected by a giant virus, the latter establishes a cytoplasmic virus factory to replicate and generates new virions, and the host cell is most likely lysed at the end of its replication cycle. (B) When the host cell is co-infected with a giant virus and its virophage, the latter parasitizes the giant virus factory.
A Cochrane review included 25 randomized controlled trials that were conducted across six countries. [25] The researchers found that interleukin 2 increases the CD4 immune cells, but does not make a difference in terms of death and incidence of other infections. Furthermore, there is probably an increase in side-effects with interleukin 2.
Common side effects include nausea and diarrhea. [6] Potentially serious side effects include kidney problems and low platelets. [6] Greater care is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function. [6] It is generally considered safe for use in pregnancy with no harm having been observed. [6] [8] It appears to be safe during breastfeeding.
In severe cases, affected newborns may also have issues with bleeding and blood flow and problems with heart function. [18] In addition to newborns, the elderly, and those with diabetes, heart disease, liver and kidney diseases, and human immunodeficiency virus infection tend to have more severe cases of Chikungunya. Around 1 to 5 in 1,000 ...