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Ground speed is the horizontal component of the velocity of an aircraft relative to the Earth’s surface, also referred to as "speed over the ground". [1] It is vital for accurate navigation that the pilot has an estimate of the ground speed that will be achieved during each leg of a flight.
Ground speed is just a pilot aid to estimate if the flight is on time, behind or ahead of schedule. It is not used for takeoff and landing purposes, since the imperative speed for a flying aircraft always is the speed against the wind. The Machmeter is, on subsonic aircraft, a warning indicator. Subsonic aircraft must not fly faster than a ...
For astronomical bodies other than Earth, and for short distances of fall at other than "ground" level, g in the above equations may be replaced by (+) where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the astronomical body, m is the mass of the falling body, and r is the radius from the falling object to the center of the astronomical body.
Inside, a light is shone upwards to a mirror on the ceiling, where the light reflects back down. If the height of the mirror is h, and the speed of light c, then the time it takes for the light to go up and come back down is: = However, to the observer on the ground, the situation is very different.
An object thrown upward or a person jumping off the ground at low speed (i.e. as long as air resistance is negligible in comparison to weight). Technically, an object is in free fall even when moving upwards or instantaneously at rest at the top of its motion.
Pivotal altitude is the height for a given ground speed at which the line of sight from the cockpit directly parallel to the lateral axis of the aircraft will remain stationary on an object on the ground. A good rule of thumb for estimating the pivotal altitude is to square the groundspeed, then divide by 15 (if the groundspeed is in miles per ...
Thus, speed over the ground (SOG; ground speed (GS) in aircraft) and rate of progress towards a distant point ("velocity made good", VMG) can also be given in knots. Since 1979, the International Civil Aviation Organization list the knot as permitted for temporary use in aviation, but no end date to the temporary period has been agreed as of ...
Unpowered aircraft range depends on factors such as cross-country speed and environmental conditions. The range can be seen as the cross-country ground speed multiplied by the maximum time in the air. The fuel time limit for powered aircraft is fixed by the available fuel (considering reserve fuel requirements) and rate of consumption.