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Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well. [7] Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. [7]
Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat neuropathic pain and also for partial seizures [10] [7] of epilepsy. It is a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and central pain. [11]
Gabapentin, pregabalin, and phenibut all undergo little or no metabolism. [1] [24] [28] Conversely, gabapentin enacarbil, which acts as a prodrug of gabapentin, must undergo enzymatic hydrolysis to become active. [1] [25] This is done via non-specific esterases in the intestines and to a lesser extent in the liver. [1]
Treatment methods include pharmacological and psychological techniques. Bipolar disorder is a serious and debilitating mental health disorder, which causes patients to experience extreme highs and lows, such as mania and major depression. [1]
A more recent analysis of data from a second US National Comorbidity Survey found that 1% met lifetime prevalence criteria for bipolar I, 1.1% for bipolar II, and 2.4% for subthreshold symptoms. [188] Estimates vary about how many children and young adults have bipolar disorder. [127]
Bipolar disorder – mental disorder with cyclical periods of depression and periods of elevated mood. [1] The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania , a severe elevation that can be accompanied by psychosis in some cases, or hypomania , a milder form of mania.
It is used as a treatment for partial seizures in adults and children over 12, and works by amplifying GABA's calming effects in the brain. This, however, comes with potential drawbacks. While generally well-tolerated, some users experience concentration issues, language difficulties, and even a higher risk of depression, hallucinations, and ...
Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder [2] [3] and borderline personality disorder, [4] since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. [5] Anticonvulsants suppress the excessive rapid firing of neurons during seizures. [6]