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A diuretic (/ ˌ d aɪ j ʊ ˈ r ɛ t ɪ k /) is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys ...
Triamterene directly blocks the epithelial sodium channel [4] (ENaC) on the lumen side of the kidney collecting tubule. [5]: 127 Other diuretics cause a decrease in the sodium concentration of the forming urine due to the entry of sodium into the cell via the ENaC, and the concomitant exit of potassium from the principal cell into the forming urine.
Potassium-sparing diuretics or antikaliuretics [1] refer to drugs that cause diuresis without causing potassium loss in the urine. [2] They are typically used as an adjunct in management of hypertension , cirrhosis , and congestive heart failure . [ 3 ]
A thiazide-like diuretic is a sulfonamide diuretic that has similar physiological properties to a thiazide diuretic, but does not have the chemical properties of a thiazide, lacking the benzothiadiazine molecular structure. Examples include metolazone, chlorthalidone, and indapamide. [1]
Thiazide diuretics inhibit this receptor, causing the body to release NaCl and water into the lumen, thereby increasing the amount of urine produced each day. [6] An example of a molecule that is chemically a thiazide but not used as a diuretic is methylchloroisothiazolinone , often found as an antimicrobial in cosmetics.
Chlortalidone is considered a first-line medication for treatment of high blood pressure. [2] Some recommend chlortalidone over hydrochlorothiazide. [1] [15] A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that chlortalidone is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for lowering blood pressure, while the two drugs have similar toxicity.
Loop diuretics are 90% bonded to proteins and are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule through organic anion transporter 1 (OAT-1), OAT-2, and ABCC4.Loop diuretics act on the Na +-K +-2Cl − symporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium, chloride and potassium reabsorption.
An osmotic diuretic is a type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium (Na). They are pharmacologically inert substances that are given intravenously. They increase the osmolarity of blood and renal filtrate. [1] This fluid eventually becomes urine. Two examples are mannitol [2] and isosorbide.