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In practice the odds ratio is commonly used for case-control studies, as the relative risk cannot be estimated. [1] In fact, the odds ratio has much more common use in statistics, since logistic regression, often associated with clinical trials, works with the log of the odds ratio, not relative risk. Because the (natural log of the) odds of a ...
If the risk of an adverse event is increased by the exposure rather than decreased, the term relative risk increase (RRI) is used, and it is computed as () /. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If the direction of risk change is not assumed, the term relative effect is used, and it is computed in the same way as relative risk increase.
Formula Value Absolute risk reduction : ARR CER − EER: 0.3, or 30% ... NNT 1 / (CER − EER) 3.33 Relative risk (risk ratio) RR EER / CER: 0.25 Relative risk ...
It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk increase, and computed as / (), where is the incidence in the treated (exposed) group, and is the incidence in the control (unexposed) group. [1] Intuitively, the lower the number needed to harm, the worse the risk factor, with 1 meaning that every exposed person is harmed.
The hazard ratio would be 2, indicating a higher hazard of death from the treatment. To illustrate how hazard ratio is linked to projected risk: in a population where the incidence of a disease is 10% by age 65 (eg: Dementia [1] [2]), a hazard ratio of 4.42 [3] (eg: Aripiprazole medication) results in an expected incidence of 37.3% by age 65. [4]
By relative risk: Quotient of risk among exposed and risk among unexposed: Pre-test probability multiplied by the relative risk: Low, unless subsequent relative risks are derived from same multivariate regression analysis: Relatively intuitive to use: By diagnostic criteria and clinical prediction rules: Variable, but usually most tedious: Variable
Multiple synonyms of AF e are in use: attributable fraction, [1] [3] relative attributable risk, [1] attributable proportion among the exposed, [1] and attributable risk among the exposed. [ 4 ] Similarly, attributable risk percent (ARP) is used as a synonym for the attributable risk percent among the exposed.
The Arrow–Pratt measure of relative risk aversion (RRA) or coefficient of relative risk aversion is defined as [11] = = ″ ′ (). Unlike ARA whose units are in $ −1, RRA is a dimensionless quantity, which allows it to be applied universally.