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The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech had short-term efficacy rates of over 90 percent against the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. Prior to mRNA, drug trials on pathogens other than COVID-19 were not effective and had to be abandoned in the early phases of trials. The reason for the efficacy of the new mRNA vaccines is not clear.
An RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid based genome. [1] The genome can be single-stranded RNA ( ssRNA ) or double-stranded ( dsRNA ). [ 2 ] Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza , SARS , MERS , COVID-19 , Dengue virus , hepatitis C , hepatitis E , West Nile fever , Ebola virus disease , rabies ...
Positive-strand RNA virus genomes usually contain relatively few genes, usually between three and ten, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. [4] Coronaviruses have the largest known RNA genomes, between 27 and 32 kilobases in length, and likely possess replication proofreading mechanisms in the form of an exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein nsp14.
How COVID‑19 vaccines work. The video shows the process of vaccination, from injection with RNA or viral vector vaccines, to uptake and translation, and on to immune system stimulation and effect. Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths ...
Prior to studying medicine, Robert Malone studied computer science at Santa Barbara City College for two years, acting as a teaching assistant in 1981. [2] [8] He received his BS in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1984, his MS in biology from the University of California, San Diego in 1988, and his MD from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 1991.
Moderna, Inc. (/ m ə ˈ d ɜːr n ə / mə-DUR-nə) [4] is an American pharmaceutical and biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that focuses on RNA therapeutics, primarily mRNA vaccines. These vaccines use a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry instructions for proteins to produce an immune response.
Moderna also investigated a multivalent booster, mRNA-1273.211, which combines a 50-50 mix of mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351. [ 197 ] [ 198 ] A bivalent version of the vaccine containing elasomeran/imelasomeran (Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron) [ 54 ] was approved for use in the United Kingdom and in Australia in August 2022.
As a whole, RNA viruses were discovered during a time period of major advancements in molecular biology, including the discovery of mRNA as the immediate carrier of genetic information for protein synthesis. [32] Tobacco mosaic virus was discovered in 1898 and was the first virus to be discovered. [33]