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The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information" [1] is one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It was written by the cognitive psychologist George A. Miller of Harvard University 's Department of Psychology and published in 1956 in Psychological Review .
The Miller's law used in psychology is the observation, also by George Armitage Miller, that the number of objects the average person can hold in working memory is about seven. [4] It was put forward in a 1956 edition of Psychological Review in a paper titled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two". [5] [6] [7]
Dunbar's number has become of interest in anthropology, evolutionary psychology, [12] statistics, and business management.For example, developers of social software are interested in it, as they need to know the size of social networks their software needs to take into account; and in the modern military, operational psychologists seek such data to support or refute policies related to ...
Rehearsal is the process by which information is retained in short-term memory by conscious repetition of the word, phrase or number. If information has sufficient meaning to the person or if it is repeated enough, it can be encoded into long-term memory. There are two types of rehearsal: maintenance rehearsal and elaborate rehearsal.
A modality effect is present in chunking. That is, the mechanism used to convey the list of items to the individual affects how much "chunking" occurs. Experimentally, it has been found that auditory presentation results in a larger amount of grouping in the responses of individuals than visual presentation does. Previous literature, such as George Miller's The Magical Number Seven, Plus or ...
In an early and influential article, "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two", [26] Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven plus or minus two items and that that was well known at the time (apparently originating with Wundt). Later research reported that this "magical number seven" is ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Miller was born on February 3, 1920, in Charleston, West Virginia, the son of George E. Miller, a steel company executive [1] and Florence (née Armitage) Miller. [3] Soon after his birth, his parents divorced, and he lived with his mother during the Great Depression, attending public school and graduating from Charleston High School in 1937.