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According to Niamh Keady-Tabbal and Itamar Mann, writing for the European Journal of International Law, the word "pushback" is related to "an erosion of refugee law, and a parallel license to inflict ever more extreme violence upon people on the move who are not bone fide refugees". In the case of pushbacks in the Aegean, they doubt that ...
Forced displacement (also forced migration or forced relocation) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region.The UNHCR defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations".
Population exchange is the transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time. In theory at least, the exchange is non-forcible, but the reality of the effects of these exchanges has always been unequal, and at least one half of the so-called "exchange" has usually been forced by the stronger or richer participant.
Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move by Reece Jones, 2017; A Hope More Powerful Than the Sea by Melissa Fleming, 2017 [10] Refugee Stories: Seven personal journeys behind the headlines by Dave Smith, 2016 [11] City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World's Largest Refugee Camp by Ben Rawlence, 2016
The right is also found in article 3(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights; "[n]o one shall be deprived of the right to enter the territory of the state of which he is a national" and article 22(5) of the American Convention on Human Rights: "[n]o one can be expelled from the territory of the state of which he is a national or be ...
In 2020, BVMN released a 51-page report into the use of torture or other inhuman treatment during pushbacks. This report was based upon 286 statements from migrants and refugee. [1] Among the BVMN's findings is that in 2020, 90% of pushed-back migrants interviewed experienced "some form of degrading treatment or torture" from border guards.
Poland shares long eastern borders with Ukraine and with Russia's ally Belarus, and a frontier of some 200 km (125 miles) in its northeastern corner with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad.
Although less visible than physical barriers at international borders, externalization controls or restricts mobility in ways that are out of sight and far from the country's border. [10] Examples include visa restrictions, sanctions for carriers that transport asylum seekers, and agreements with source and transit countries.