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Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data: Temp. °C P vap Vapor pressure kPa H liq Heat content liquid J/g H vap Heat content vapor J/g
An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution that exhibits thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The enthalpy of mixing is zero [ 3 ] as is the volume change on mixing. [ 2 ]
The gas constant R is defined as the Avogadro constant N A multiplied by the Boltzmann constant k (or k B): = = 6.022 140 76 × 10 23 mol −1 × 1.380 649 × 10 −23 J⋅K −1 = 8.314 462 618 153 24 J⋅K −1 ⋅mol −1. Since the 2019 revision of the SI, both N A and k are defined with exact numerical values when expressed in SI units. [2]
The integral heat of dissolution is defined as a process of obtaining a certain amount of solution with a final concentration. The enthalpy change in this process, normalized by the mole number of solute, is evaluated as the molar integral heat of dissolution. Mathematically, the molar integral heat of dissolution is denoted as
In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant K b relates molality b to boiling point elevation. [1] It is the ratio of the latter to the former: = i is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved. b is the molality of the solution.
Symptoms of carbon dioxide toxicity, by increasing volume percent in air [45] Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location. [46]
Liquid carbon dioxide is the liquid state of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which cannot occur under atmospheric pressure. It can only exist at a pressure above 5.1 atm (5.2 bar; 75 psi), under 31.1 °C (88.0 °F) (temperature of critical point ) and above −56.6 °C (−69.9 °F) (temperature of triple point ). [ 1 ]
Although Boltzmann first linked entropy and probability in 1877, the relation was never expressed with a specific constant until Max Planck first introduced k, and gave a more precise value for it (1.346 × 10 −23 J/K, about 2.5% lower than today's figure), in his derivation of the law of black-body radiation in 1900–1901. [11]