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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
Last Words of Saints and Sinners: 700 Final Quotes from the Famous, the Infamous, and the Inspiring Figures of History. Kregel Publications. ISBN 9780825496455. Pritchard, Maria (2014). I Told You I Was Ill: Famous Last Words and Astonishing Epitaphs. RW Press. ISBN 9781909284357. Ransford, H. Chris (2015).
The Battle of Munda (17 March 45 BC), in southern Hispania Ulterior, was the final battle of Caesar's civil war against the leaders of the Optimates. [1] With the military victory at Munda and the deaths of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius (eldest son of Pompey), Caesar was politically able to return in triumph to Rome, and then govern as the elected Roman dictator.
The Acta Caesaris (Acts of Caesar) are the published and unpublished legal acts that were passed or planned by Julius Caesar in his position as Roman dictator.Notably, the Acta Caesaris included:
The Battle of Zela was fought in 47 BC between Julius Caesar and Pharnaces II of the Kingdom of Pontus.The battle took place near Zela (modern Zile), which is now a small hilltop town in the Tokat province of northern Turkey.
Movements of armies in the Battle of Philippi. The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Liberators' civil war between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius, in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia.
The Gallic Wars [a] were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland). Gallic, Germanic, and Brittonic tribes fought to defend their homelands against an aggressive Roman campaign.
The ancient Roman busts of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra in the Altes Museum, Berlin. Caesar is referred to in some of the poems of Catullus (ca. 84 – 54 BC); The Commentarii de Bello Gallico (ca. 58 – 49 BC) and the Commentarii de Bello Civili (ca. 40 BC) are two autobiographical works Caesar used to justify his actions and cement popular support