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Since solar radio emission F at 10.7 cm wavelength is a good indicator of solar activity, one can apply the empirical formula for quiet magnetospheric conditions. [5] (2) + with T ∞ in K, F o in 10 −2 W m −2 Hz −1 (the Covington index) a value of F averaged over several solar cycles. The Covington index varies typically between 70 and ...
The increase in altitude necessary for P or ρ to drop to 1/e of its initial value is called the scale height: H = R T M g 0 {\displaystyle H={\frac {RT}{Mg_{0}}}} where R is the ideal gas constant, T is temperature, M is average molecular weight, and g 0 is the gravitational acceleration at the planet's surface.
Average yearly temperature is 22.4 °C, ranging from an average minimum of 12.2 °C to a maximum of 29.9 °C. The average temperature range is 11.4 °C. [6] Variability throughout the year is small (standard deviation of 2.31 °C for the maximum monthly average and 4.11 °C for the minimum). The graph also shows the typical phenomenon of ...
Adiabatic processes for air have a characteristic temperature-pressure curve. As air circulates vertically, the air takes on that characteristic gradient. When the air contains little water, this lapse rate is known as the dry adiabatic lapse rate: the rate of temperature decrease is 9.8 °C/km (5.4 °F per 1,000 ft) (3.0 °C/1,000 ft). The ...
Air pressure actually decreases exponentially with altitude, for altitudes up to around 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft), dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft), or by a factor of 1/e ≈ 0.368 every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), which is called the scale height. However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer ...
With a temperature lapse rate of −6.5 °C (-11.7 °F) per km (roughly −2 °C (-3.6 °F) per 1,000 ft), the table interpolates to the standard mean sea level values of 15 °C (59 °F) temperature, 101,325 pascals (14.6959 psi) (1 atm) pressure, and a density of 1.2250 kilograms per cubic meter (0.07647 lb/cu ft).
The earth atmosphere's scale height is about 8.5 km, as can be confirmed from this diagram of air pressure p by altitude h: At an altitude of 0, 8.5, and 17 km, the pressure is about 1000, 370, and 140 hPa, respectively.
The mesosphere ranges from 50 km to 85 km and is the layer wherein most meteors are incinerated before reaching the surface. The thermosphere extends from an altitude of 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short ...