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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 February 2025. "Skin pigmentation" redirects here. For animal skin pigmentation, see Biological pigment. Extended Coloured family from South Africa showing some spectrum of human skin coloration Human skin color ranges from the darkest brown to the lightest hues. Differences in skin color among ...
Richard Sturm and David Duffy describe 11 genes that affect skin pigmentation and explain most variations in human skin color, the most significant of which are MC1R, ASIP, OCA2, and TYR. [46] There is evidence that as many as 16 different genes could be responsible for eye color in humans; however, the main two genes associated with eye color ...
Identifying human races in terms of skin colour, at least as one among several physiological characteristics, has been common since antiquity. Such divisions appeared in early modern scholarship, usually dividing humankind into four or five categories, with colour-based labels: red, yellow, black, white, and sometimes brown.
This resulted in the current range of human skin color. Of the two common gene variants known to be associated with pale human skin, Mc1r does not appear to have undergone positive selection, [ 70 ] while SLC24A5 has undergone positive selection.
Zinc finger protein basonuclin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BNC2 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] BNC2 has recently been shown to influence skin pigmentation levels in Europeans. [ 7 ] Genomic region spanning the BNC2 gene has 60% Neanderthal DNA sequence.
The Fitzpatrick scale has been criticized for its Eurocentric bias and insufficient representation of global skin color diversity. [9] The scale originally was developed for classifying "white skin" in response to solar radiation, [2] and initially included only four categories focused on white skin, with "brown" and "black" skin types (V and VI) added as an afterthought.
Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5 (NCKX5), also known as solute carrier family 24 member 5 (SLC24A5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC24A5 gene that has a major influence on natural skin colour variation. [5] The NCKX5 protein is a member of the potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger family.
In humans, a relatively small number of genes are thought to be responsible for human skin color. Different alleles or gene variants code for differences in the melanin found within the skin. Within some groups are high frequencies of dark skin alleles, while others have high frequencies of light skin alleles, for example.