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The electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) must be collinear with the direction of the electron's magnetic moment (spin). [1] Within the Standard Model, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most 10 −38 e⋅cm, [2] where e stands for the elementary charge.
A stronger mathematical definition is to use vector algebra, since a quantity with magnitude and direction, like the dipole moment of two point charges, can be expressed in vector form = where d is the displacement vector pointing from the negative
In electromagnetism, current density is the amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. [1] The current density vector is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that of the motion of the positive charges at this point.
Using Ampère's law in the region from R 1 to R 2, which encloses the current +I in the center conductor but with no contribution from the current in the outer conductor, we find at radius r: = = () = Now, from an electric field in the radial direction, and a tangential magnetic field, the Poynting vector, given by the cross-product of these ...
In atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μ e) is −9.284 764 6917 (29) × 10 −24 J⋅T −1. [1]
If the field has a parallel gradient, a particle with a finite Larmor radius will also experience a force in the direction away from the larger magnetic field. This effect is known as the magnetic mirror. While it is closely related to guiding center drifts in its physics and mathematics, it is nevertheless considered to be distinct from them.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (three dimensional), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
Let's say we want to calculate transition dipole moments for an electron transition from a 4d to a 2p orbital of a hydrogen atom, i.e. the matrix elements of the form , | |, , where r i is either the x, y, or z component of the position operator, and m 1, m 2 are the magnetic quantum numbers that distinguish different orbitals within the 2p or 4d subshell.