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Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. [1] [2] Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. [3]
Southern British tribes before the Roman invasion. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south.
The historiography on the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain has tried to explain how there was a widespread change from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon cultures in the area roughly corresponding to present-day England between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the eighth century, a time when there were scant historical records.
A map of Jutish settlements in Britain circa 575. During the period after the Roman occupation and before the Norman conquest, people of Germanic descent arrived in Britain, ultimately forming England. [3] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides what historians regard as foundation legends for Anglo-Saxon settlement. [4] [5]
As the Roman Empire declined, its hold on Britain loosened. By AD 410, Roman forces had been withdrawn, and small, isolated bands of migrating Germans began to invade Britain. This was not a concerted invasion under a single leader, [10] and there is a debate over how extensive the Germanic migration into England was.
One aspect of Roman influence seen in British life was the grant of Roman citizenship. [14] At first this was granted very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, whom Roman practice made citizens; to veterans, either legionaries or soldiers in auxiliary units; and to a number of natives whose patrons obtained citizenship for them.
5,500 conscripted Sarmatian cavalry stationed in northern Britain. [2] 180. Northern tribes breach Hadrian's Wall and ravage the countryside. [2] Governor Ulpius Marcellus launches punitive campaigns to the north. [2] 185. Marcellus forced to retreat to Hadrian's Wall. [2] Roman army in Britain mutinies. Pertinax appointed as governor and ...
The central Roman administration, like the rebel administrations, also recruited soldiers from the Frankish and Saxon regions beyond the Rhine in what is now the Netherlands and Germany, and such forces are likely to have become more important in Britain during periods when field armies were withdrawn during internal Roman power struggles.