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Phase margin and gain margin are two measures of stability for a feedback control system. They indicate how much the gain or the phase of the system can vary before it becomes unstable. Phase margin is the difference (expressed as a positive number) between 180° and the phase shift where the magnitude of the loop transfer function is 0 dB.
The notion of gain and phase margin is based upon the gain expression for a negative feedback amplifier given by = +, where A FB is the gain of the amplifier with feedback (the closed-loop gain), β is the feedback factor, and A OL is the gain without feedback (the open-loop gain). The gain A OL is a complex function of frequency, with both ...
A simple link budget equation looks like this: Received power (dBm) = transmitted power (dBm) + gains (dB) − losses (dB) Power levels are expressed in , Power gains and losses are expressed in decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic measurement, so adding decibels is equivalent to multiplying the actual power ratios.
In business, Gross Margin Return on Inventory Investment (GMROII, also GMROI) [1] is a ratio which expresses a seller's return on each unit of currency spent on inventory.It is one way to determine how profitable the seller's inventory is, and describes the relationship between the profit earned from total sales, and the amount invested in the inventory sold.
Examples of this type of project are strip mines and nuclear power plants, where there is usually a large cash outflow at the end of the project. The IRR satisfies a polynomial equation. Sturm's theorem can be used to determine if that equation has a unique real solution. In general the IRR equation cannot be solved analytically but only by ...
CAGR can also be used to calculate mean annualized growth rates on quarterly or monthly values. The numerator of the exponent would be the value of 4 in the case of quarterly, and 12 in the case of monthly, with the denominator being the number of corresponding periods involved.
For example, you invested $10,000 in stocks (initial investment) and paid $200 in brokerage fees (other expenses). After one year, the current value of your investment is $12,500, not yet sold. During the year, you received $300 in dividends (income from the investment).
To verify a margin (%): Cost as % of sales = 100% − Margin % "When considering multiple products with different revenues and costs, we can calculate overall margin (%) on either of two bases: Total revenue and total costs for all products, or the dollar-weighted average of the percentage margins of the different products." [1]