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Heated and aerosolized propylene glycol can turn into propylene oxide, which the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) labels a possible human carcinogen. [14] [115] A 2014 review concluded that the risk from propylene glycol and glycerin inhalation is probably low, [11] although they have not been demonstrated to be safe. [197]
Small amounts of ethylene glycol may be contained in holiday ornaments such as snow globes. [9] The most significant source of ethylene glycol is from aircraft de-icing and anti-icing operations, where it is released onto land and eventually to waterways near airports experiencing cold winter climates. [12]
The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols. [18] Propylene glycol could turn into propylene oxide when heated and aerosolized. [notes 11] [53] [104] Glycerin may generate acrolein when heated at hotter temperatures.
Ethylene glycol is produced from ethylene (ethene), via the intermediate ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide reacts with water to produce ethylene glycol according to the chemical equation. C 2 H 4 O + H 2 O → HO−CH 2 CH 2 −OH. This reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or bases, or can occur at neutral pH under elevated temperatures. The ...
The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) estimated in 2016 [139] that for low doses, the inhalation of ethylene oxide for a lifetime could increase an individual's lifetime cancer risk by as much as 3.0 × 10 −3 per μg/m 3 (without considering that early-life exposures are likely more potent). The USEPA estimated the slope of the dose ...
Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts, such as alkalis or metal oxides, can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours. Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
A review published in the journal Sports Medicine found that nitric oxide supplements do appear to offer exercise-related benefits, including increased exercise performance. It’s worth noting ...
2-Hexoxyethanol was also known to cause kidney injury and depression. It is also a severe respiratory tract irritant. It may also have blood effects. [2] It may enter the body through ingestion, aerosol inhalation, and through the skin. [3] It may form explosive peroxides. It can react violently with strong oxidants. [3]