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Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement (2009) Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon (2006) Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power (2011) Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978 (1998) The Cult of the Atom: The Secret Papers of the Atomic Energy Commission ...
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident was originally rated as INES 5, but then upgraded to INES 7 (the highest level) when the events of units 1, 2 and 3 were combined into a single event and the combined release of radiological material was the determining factor for the INES rating.
Map of contaminated areas around the plant (22 March – 3 April). Map of detected radioactivity as of April 2011 Map of detected radioactivity as of March 2012 Fukushima dose rate comparison to other incidents and standards, with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events from 11 to 30 March in 2011.
Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages.
Displayed background gamma radiation level is 9.8 μR/h (0.82 mSv/a) This is very close to the world average background radiation of 0.87 mSv/a from cosmic and terrestrial sources. Cloud chambers used by early researchers first detected cosmic rays and other background radiation. They can be used to visualize the background radiation
It has been suggested that some plants and animals are able to adapt to the increased radiation levels present in and around Chernobyl. [ 40 ] [ 86 ] Further research is needed to assess the long-term health effects of elevated ionizing radiation from Chernobyl on flora and fauna.
The radiation resulted in deaths among coniferous plants, soil invertebrates, and mammals, as well as a decline in reproductive numbers among both plants and animals. [ 106 ] The surrounding forest was covered in radioactive particles, resulting in the death of 400 hectares of the most immediate pine trees, though radiation damage can be found ...
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is in the background. The world's first nuclear reactor meltdown was the NRX reactor at Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, Canada in 1952. [22] The worst nuclear accident to date is the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 in the Ukrainian SSR, now Ukraine.