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t 3 = 6 is the modular multiplicative inverse of 5 × 7 (mod 11). Thus, X = 3 × (7 × 11) × 4 + 6 × (5 × 11) × 4 + 6 × (5 × 7) × 6 = 3504. and in its unique reduced form X ≡ 3504 ≡ 39 (mod 385) since 385 is the LCM of 5,7 and 11. Also, the modular multiplicative inverse figures prominently in the definition of the Kloosterman sum.
The complexity of an elementary function is equivalent to that of its inverse, since all elementary functions are analytic and hence invertible by means of Newton's method. In particular, if either exp {\displaystyle \exp } or log {\displaystyle \log } in the complex domain can be computed with some complexity, then that complexity is ...
The modular inverse of aR mod N is REDC((aR mod N) −1 (R 3 mod N)). Modular exponentiation can be done using exponentiation by squaring by initializing the initial product to the Montgomery representation of 1, that is, to R mod N, and by replacing the multiply and square steps by Montgomery multiplies.
a = p m + r, b = q m + r, where 0 ≤ r < m is the common remainder. We recover the previous relation (a − b = k m) by subtracting these two expressions and setting k = p − q. Because the congruence modulo m is defined by the divisibility by m and because −1 is a unit in the ring of integers, a number is divisible by −m exactly if it is ...
Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent e by finding the modular multiplicative inverse d of b modulo m using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is: c = b e mod m = d −e mod m, where e < 0 and b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m). Modular exponentiation is efficient to compute, even for very large integers.
) To prove that the backward direction + + is invertible with inverse given as above) is true, we verify the properties of the inverse. A matrix Y {\displaystyle Y} (in this case the right-hand side of the Sherman–Morrison formula) is the inverse of a matrix X {\displaystyle X} (in this case A + u v T {\displaystyle A+uv^{\textsf {T}}} ) if ...
Rayleigh quotient iteration is an eigenvalue algorithm which extends the idea of the inverse iteration by using the Rayleigh quotient to obtain increasingly accurate eigenvalue estimates. Rayleigh quotient iteration is an iterative method , that is, it delivers a sequence of approximate solutions that converges to a true solution in the limit.
Mathematically vectors are elements of a vector space over a field, and for use in physics is usually defined with = or . Concretely, if the dimension n = dim ( V ) {\displaystyle n={\text{dim}}(V)} of V {\displaystyle V} is finite, then, after making a choice of basis , we can view such vector spaces as R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} or ...