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In surrogacy arrangements, monetary compensation may or may not be involved. Receiving money for the arrangement is known as commercial surrogacy. [2] [3] The legality and cost of surrogacy varies widely between jurisdictions, contributing to fertility tourism, and sometimes resulting in problematic international or interstate surrogacy ...
In Australia, all jurisdictions allow altruistic surrogacy; with commercial surrogacy being a criminal offense.In New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory it is an offence to enter into international commercial surrogacy [3] arrangements with potential penalties extending to imprisonment for up to one year in Australian Capital Territory, up to two years imprisonment in ...
India was a main destination for surrogacy because of the relatively low cost until international surrogacy was outlawed in 2015. [57] Although there are no official figures available, a 2012 United Nations report counted around 3,000 fertility clinics in India. [58] India's surrogacy business was estimated at around $1 billion annually. [58]
A surrogate marriage describes the arrangement where a woman is infertile or dies young and her family substitutes another woman to bear children for the husband. Surrogate marriage, also referred to as woman-to-man marriage, is a distinctive practice prevalent among certain African communities, notably the Igbo people of Nigeria.
The practice is often driven by poverty. In some cases there is overlap with commercial surrogacy, where the male partner buying the baby also provides the sperm. [2] Illegal street clinics such as this exist in Kenya. [3] A company called Baby101 had a baby factory in Thailand busted by police in 2011. [2]
In India, "surrogacy...is slated to add $2 billion to the nation's gross domestic product". [4] So the country gets money, the surrogates get the needed money, and a couple gets a baby. For comparison, in the US, the cost is $150,000, in a handful of states where it is permitted. For surrogates, the compensation outweighs the downside.
In re Baby M was a custody case that became the first American court ruling on the validity of surrogacy.William Stern entered into a surrogacy agreement with Mary Beth Whitehead, arranged by the Infertility Center of New York ("ICNY"), opened in 1981 by a Michigan attorney, Noel Keane. [1]
Altruistic surrogacy does not provide financial compensation to the surrogate mother other than medical expenses and insurance coverage during pregnancy. Commercial surrogacy includes surrogacy or related procedures performed for economic benefit or compensation (cash or in kind) beyond basic medical expenses and insurance coverage.