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A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits. Thus, if both bits in the compared position are 1, the bit in the resulting binary representation is 1 (1 × 1 = 1); otherwise, the result is 0 (1 × 0 = 0 and 0 × 0 = 0).
As an example, ant colony optimization [3] is a class of optimization algorithms modeled on the actions of an ant colony. [4] Artificial 'ants' (e.g. simulation agents) locate optimal solutions by moving through a parameter space representing all possible solutions.
Therefore, the longest path problem is NP-hard. The question "does there exist a simple path in a given graph with at least k edges" is NP-complete. [2] In weighted complete graphs with non-negative edge weights, the weighted longest path problem is the same as the Travelling salesman path problem, because the longest path always includes all ...
The receiver is designed so that either code word of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Examples include alternate mark inversion, Differential Manchester encoding, coded mark inversion and Miller encoding. differential coding each symbol relative to the previous symbol. Examples include MLT-3 encoding and NRZI.
Given a prime number q and prime power q m with positive integers m and d such that d ≤ q m − 1, a primitive narrow-sense BCH code over the finite field (or Galois field) GF(q) with code length n = q m − 1 and distance at least d is constructed by the following method.
B will denote the best solution found so far, and will be used as an upper bound on candidate solutions. Initialize a queue to hold a partial solution with none of the variables of the problem assigned. Loop until the queue is empty: Take a node N off the queue. If N represents a single candidate solution x and f(x) < B, then x is the best ...
The windy postman problem is a variant of the route inspection problem in which the input is an undirected graph, but where each edge may have a different cost for traversing it in one direction than for traversing it in the other direction. In contrast to the solutions for directed and undirected graphs, it is NP-complete. [11] [12]
Example: The linear block code with the following generator matrix is a [,,] Hadamard code: = ( ). Hadamard code is a special case of Reed–Muller code . If we take the first column (the all-zero column) out from G H a d {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {G}}_{\mathrm {Had} }} , we get [ 7 , 3 , 4 ] 2 {\displaystyle [7,3,4]_{2}} simplex code , which ...