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Floating raft is a land-based building foundation that protects it against settlement and liquefaction of soft soil from seismic activity. It was a necessary innovation in the development of tall buildings in the wet soil of Chicago in the 19th century, when it was developed by John Wellborn Root who came up with the idea of interlacing the concrete slab with steel beams.
Lorenzen's use of the simile of the raft was a kind of foundationalist modification of Neurath's original, disagreeing with Neurath by asserting that it is possible to jump into the water and to build a new raft while swimming, i.e., to "start from scratch" to build a new system of knowledge. [5] [8]
A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water. [1] It is usually of basic design, characterized by the absence of a hull . Rafts are usually kept afloat by using any combination of buoyant materials such as wood , sealed barrels , or inflated air chambers (such as pontoons ), and are typically not propelled by an engine.
To install a caisson in place, it is brought down through soft mud until a suitable foundation material is encountered. While bedrock is preferred, a stable, hard mud is sometimes used when bedrock is too deep. The four main types of caisson are box caisson, open caisson, pneumatic caisson and monolithic caisson. [5]
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Riders face toward center of the boat and are usually secured by a lap belt. Some rafts feature a circular metal bar in the middle of the raft; this gives passengers a place to grip or brace their feet. Some parks include a space for stowing small items in the center. The floor of the raft body is generally above water level to allow drainage.
Underwater concrete placement, by Tremie, skip, Pumped concrete, toggle bags, bagwork, usually to build foundations or coastal structures, and [6] grouted aggregate. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Underwater rock blasting , or dredging of softer sediments, to clear an area of a navigational hazard, to excavate a canal or basin, or to prepare for foundations.
Timber raft by Frances Anne Hopkins, 1868. Unlike log driving, which was a dangerous task of floating separate logs, floaters or raftsmen could enjoy relative comfort of navigation, with cabins built on rafts, steering by means of oars and possibility to make stops. On the other hand, rafting requires wider waterflows.