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Map of Arabia from the Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik by al-Istakhri (copy dated to c. 1306 CE). The Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Arabic: كتاب المسالك والممالك, Kitāb al-Masālik waʿl-Mamālik [1]) is a group of Islamic manuscripts composed from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. [2]
[3] [6] [7] Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, [8] and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. [9] [10] [11] [12]
People of the Book, or Ahl al-Kitāb (Arabic: أهل الكتاب), is a classification in Islam for the adherents of those religions that are regarded by Muslims as having received a divine revelation from Allah, generally in the form of a holy scripture.
Kitab al-Majmu‘ (Arabic: كتاب المجموع "The Book of the Collection") is a book which is claimed by some Sunni Muslims and former Alawites to be the main source of teaching of the ‘Alawi sect of Islam. [1]
Hadiths on exegesis of the Quran also detail how companions of Muhammad such as Ibn Mas'ud narrated from Muhammad that the Children of Israel had abandoned the Original Torah and wrote a separate book and followed it. [17] Similar views were held by many early Islamic scholars such as Ibn Abbas and Al Qasim bin Ibrahim.
Criticism of Islam has been aimed at the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, in both his public and personal lives. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the scriptures of Islam , both the Quran and the hadiths , are also discussed by critics. [ 7 ]
Nyberg argued that the core of the Book goes back to Ibn al-Kalbi, transmitted through Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Jawhari (d. 944–45), whose name appears as the final link in the shorter isnads (chains of transmission) that are listed in the second half of the text. Al-Jawhari is thought here to have added to Ibn al-Kalbi's core several ...
Kitāb al–Milal wa al-Nihal (Arabic: كتاب الملل والنحل, The Book of Sects and Creeds), written by the Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Shahrastani (d. 1153 CE), is a non-polemical study of religious communities and philosophies that had existed up to his time, considered to be the first systematic study of religion.