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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [14] [15] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
The finO gene of the original F plasmid (in E. coli K12) is interrupted by an IS3 insertion, resulting in constitutive tra operon expression. [12] [13] F + cells also have the surface exclusion proteins TraS and TraT on the bacterial surface. These proteins prevent secondary mating events involving plasmids belonging to the same incompatibility ...
Heat shock factors (HSF) are transcriptional activators of heat shock genes. [3] These activators bind specifically to Heat Shock sequence Elements (HSE) throughout the genome [4] whose consensus-sequence is a tandem array of three oppositely oriented "AGAAN" motifs or a degenerate version thereof.
The surface of bacteria such as E. coli is negatively charged due to phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides on its cell surface, and the DNA is also negatively charged. One function of the divalent cation therefore would be to shield the charges by coordinating the phosphate groups and other negative charges, thereby allowing a DNA molecule to ...
There are various combinations of regulation involving pathogenicity islands. The first combination is that the pathogenicity island contains the genes to regulate the virulence genes encoded on the PAI. [2] The second combination is that the pathogenicity island contains the genes to regulate genes located outside of the pathogenicity island. [2]
The permissive temperature is the temperature at which a temperature-sensitive mutant gene product takes on a normal, functional phenotype. [2] When a temperature-sensitive mutant is grown in a permissive condition, the mutant gene product behaves normally (meaning that the phenotype is not observed), even if there is a mutant allele present.
In gene therapy a gene that is intended for delivery is packaged into a replication-deficient viral particle to form a viral vector. [29] Viruses used for gene therapy to date include retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and herpes simplex virus. However, there are drawbacks to using viruses to deliver genes into cells.
HEAT repeats can form alpha solenoids, a type of solenoid protein domain found in a number of cytoplasmic proteins. The name "HEAT" is an acronym for four proteins in which this repeat structure is found: H untingtin , elongation factor 3 ( E F3), protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2 A ), [ 3 ] and the yeast kinase T OR1. [ 4 ]