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N-Vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam ring linked to a (2 carbon) vinyl group. It is a colorless liquid although commercial samples can appear yellowish. It is produced industrially by vinylation of 2-pyrrolidone, i.e. the base-catalyzed reaction with acetylene. [2]
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. [1] PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.
CROP proceeds through an S N 1 or S N 2 propagation, chain-growth process. [20] The mechanism is affected by the stability of the resulting cationic species. For example, if the atom bearing the positive charge is stabilized by electron-donating groups, polymerization will proceed by the S N 1 mechanism. [21]
Using the same principle it is used to remove polyphenols in beer production and thus clear beers with stable foam are produced. [2] One such commercial product is called Polyclar. PVPP forms bonds similar to peptidic bonds in protein (especially, like proline residues) and that is why it can precipitate tannins the same way as proteins do.
2-Pyrrolidone, also known as 2-pyrrolidinone or butyrolactam, is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam, making it the simplest γ-lactam. It is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and most common organic solvents.
The resulting product, diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate, has been called Knorr's Pyrrole ever since. In the Scheme above, R 2 = COOEt, and R 1 = R 3 = Me represent this original reaction. Knorr's pyrrole can be derivatized in a number of useful manners. One equivalent of sodium hydroxide will saponify the 2
More specifically, endogenous chemical stimuli include environmental pH, redox reactions, and chemical gradients, each of which are typically out of physiological range or unique to a specific or diseased tissue, which provides the ability to achieve target specificity using these particular stimuli for release. [2]
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is classified as a reproductive toxicant (H360D: May damage the unborn child) and can cause skin and eye irritation and respiratory irritation (H315, H319, H335). [8] Studies show NMP exposure can increase the risk of developmental toxicity, including miscarriage and fetal death.