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Parenchymal destruction: The renal tissue undergoes caseous necrosis, fibrosis, and calcification. Fibrosis and shrinkage : Progressive scarring results in a small, irregularly shaped kidney. Calcification : Deposition of calcium salts within the necrotic tissue leads to the characteristic dense appearance of the kidney on imaging.
The kidney is divided into parenchyma and renal sinus. The renal sinus is hyperechoic and is composed of calyces, the renal pelvis, fat and the major intrarenal vessels. In the normal kidney, the urinary collecting system in the renal sinus is not visible, but it creates a heteroechoic appearance with the interposed fat and vessels.
European guidelines classify a pre-existing decreased kidney function to be a risk factor of contrast-induced nephropathy in the following cases: [5]. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 45 ml/min/1.73 m 2 of body surface area before intra-arterial administration with first-pass renal exposure (not passing lungs or peripheral circulation before kidneys), or in the intensive care unit
One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the kidneys include assessment of electrolyte levels such as potassium and phosphate , assessment of acid-base status by the measurement of bicarbonate levels from a vein, and assessment of the full blood count for anaemia .
Kidney showing circumscribed calcium deposits together with a partial stag horn calculus. Nephrocalcinosis , once known as Albright's calcinosis after Fuller Albright , is a term originally used to describe the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism .
Kidney damage is defined as signs of damage seen in blood, urine, or imaging studies which include lab albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30. [62] All people with a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for 3 months are defined as having chronic kidney disease.
Since Page kidney is a unilateral process, symptom presentation differs significantly depending on if patients have native kidneys or only one functioning kidney, such as renal transplant recipients. [2] In those with a normally functioning second kidney, the only symptom may be new-onset hypertension.
An intravenous pyelogram is used to look for problems relating to the urinary tract. [5] These may include blockages or narrowing, such as due to kidney stones, cancer (such as renal cell carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma), enlarged prostate glands, and anatomical variations, [5] such as a medullary sponge kidney. [6]