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There was never an official language of the empire, however, Latin and Greek were the main languages. [16] During the early years of the Roman Empire, educated nobles often relied on their knowledge of Greek to meet societal expectations, and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military, government, or law. [17]
Certainly the Pauline Epistles were written in Greek for Greek-speaking audiences. See Greek primacy for further details. Koine Greek was the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-classical antiquity (c. 300 BC – 300 AD), and marks the third period in the history of the Greek language. [16]
Textual scholars do not support the idea that the Greek is a literal translation from another language. [19] However, there does exist an alternative view which maintains that the New Testament is a translation from an Aramaic original, a position known as Peshitta Primacy (also known in primarily non-scholarly circles as "Aramaic primacy").
The Vetus Latina ("Old Latin" in Latin), also known as Vetus Itala ("Old Italian"), Itala ("Italian") [note 1] and Old Italic, and denoted by the siglum, are the Latin translations of biblical texts (both Old Testament and New Testament) that preceded the Vulgate (the Latin translation produced by Jerome in the late 4th century).
According to Wycliffe Bible Translators, in September 2024, speakers of 3,765 languages had access to at least a book of the Bible, including 1,274 languages with a book or more, 1,726 languages with access to the New Testament in their native language and 756 the full Bible. It is estimated by Wycliffe Bible Translators that translation may be ...
The disciples of Jesus were first called Christians in Antakya (Acts 11:26). This is probably where the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, the Didache, the Ignatian in 107, and the Gospel of Thomas in the late 2nd century were written. In Syria, Greek and Syriac language influences crossed.
The most notable Middle English Bible translation, Wycliffe's Bible (1383), based on the Vulgate, was banned by the Oxford Synod of 1407-08, and was associated with the movement of the Lollards, often accused of heresy. The Malermi Bible was an Italian translation printed in 1471. In 1478, there was a Catalan translation in the dialect of Valencia.
The large Jewish diaspora in the Second Temple period made use of vernacular translations of the Hebrew Bible, including the Aramaic Targum and Greek Septuagint.Though there is no certain evidence of a pre-Christian Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible, some scholars have suggested that Jewish congregations in Rome and the Western part of the Roman Empire may have used Latin translations of ...