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A tectonic window, or fenster (lit. "window" in German), is a geologic structure formed by erosion or normal faulting on a thrust system. In such a system the rock mass ( hanging wall block ) that has been transported by movement along the thrust is called a nappe .
The erosional hole is called a window or fenster. The klippe is the isolated block of the nappe overlying autochthonous material. A klippe (German for cliff or crag) is a geological feature of thrust fault terrains. The klippe is the remnant portion of a nappe after erosion has removed connecting portions of the
The location has long been visited by geology students and experts. Another example from South Wales is the Usk Inlier in Monmouthshire where Silurian age rocks are upfolded amidst Old Red Sandstone rocks of Devonian age. A similar outcrop pattern which results from movement on a thrust fault followed by erosion may be termed a window.
The word fenster is German for 'window', as these features are windows into the karst landscape. The term is used to denote an unroofed portion of a cavern which reveals part of a subterranean river. [3] A complex system of caves, known as karst topography, evolves from the effects of water erosion on carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite ...
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distinct from weathering which involves no movement.
The channels were more resistant to wind erosion than the surrounding materials, so now they are left standing as ridges rather than valleys. Illumination is from the left. Inverted relief , inverted topography , or topographic inversion refers to landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features.
Erosional processes by wind can result in smoothing and polishing as well as the creation of grooves. Hematite rich ventifact from Windy Gap, Wyoming with extensive polishing by wind. Mushroom rocks: Formations that develop over thousands of years when the top of an outcrop is eroded by wind at a slower rate than the base of the outcrop.
Without the constant presence of water, stacks also form when a natural arch collapses under gravity, due to sub-aerial processes like wind erosion. Erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast—the stack. Eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse, leaving a stump.