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The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 10 15) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure ...
In 1998, NASA astrophysicist Yu Wang from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the first time proposed to use the Earth as an atmospheric lens. [2] Wang suggests in his paper that: [3] ''If we could build a space telescope using the Earth's atmosphere as an objective lens the aperture of such space telescope would be the diameter of the earth.
A fainter secondary bow is often visible some 10° outside the primary bow. It is due to two internal reflections within a drop. The resulting secondary arc is some 3° wide and the colours are reversed, with blue/violet on the outside. Two internal reflections produce a bow with angular size of 50.5° to 54° with blue/violet on the outside. [34]
The optical atmospheric window is the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that passes through the Earth's atmosphere, excluding its infrared part; [10] although, as mentioned before, the optical spectrum also includes the IR spectrum and thus the optical window could include the infrared window (8 – 14 μm), the latter is ...
Out of an average 340 watts per square meter (W/m 2) of solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere, about 200 W/m 2 reaches the surface via windows, mostly the optical and infrared. Also, out of about 340 W/m 2 of reflected shortwave (105 W/m 2 ) plus outgoing longwave radiation (235 W/m 2 ), 80-100 W/m 2 exits to space through the infrared ...
An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós) 'vapour, steam' and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere') [1] is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.
Atmospheric refraction of the light from a star is zero in the zenith, less than 1′ (one arc-minute) at 45° apparent altitude, and still only 5.3′ at 10° altitude; it quickly increases as altitude decreases, reaching 9.9′ at 5° altitude, 18.4′ at 2° altitude, and 35.4′ at the horizon; [4] all values are for 10 °C and 1013.25 hPa ...
The Canon EF 35-135mm f / 3.5-4.5 is an EF mount wide-to-normal zoom lens which was introduced in 1988. [1] In 1990 Canon announced the EF 35-135mm f / 4-5.6 USM lens, featuring a different optical and physical design, and a ring USM AF motor. The new lens replaced the original and was billed as an ideal compact travel lens. [2]