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[2] [3] An increasing number of jurisdictions around the world have passed laws against conversion therapy. [4] Historically, conversion therapy was the treatment of choice for individuals who disclosed same-sex attractions or exhibited gender nonconformity, which were formerly assumed to be pathologies by the medical establishment. [3]
Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. [1] As of December 2023, twenty-eight countries have bans on conversion therapy, fourteen of them ban the practice by any person: Belgium, [2] Canada, Cyprus, Ecuador, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal and Spain; seven ban ...
Despite the lack of federal legislation regarding bans on conversion therapy, such therapy has been banned by numerous therapy organizations operating in the U.S. [395] [396] It has been banned by the American Psychiatric Association since 1998. [397] [398] In 2009, conversion therapy was also rebuked by the American Psychological Association ...
The term re-education, with its pedagogical overtones, does not quite convey the quasi-mystical resonance of học tập cải tạo(學習改造) in Vietnamese. Cải ("to transform", from Sino-Vietnamese 改) and tạo ("to create", from Sino-Vietnamese 造) combine to literally mean an attempt at re-creation, and making over sinful or incomplete individuals.
Exodus International was a non-profit, interdenominational ex-gay Christian umbrella organization connecting organizations that sought to limit homosexual desires. [3] Founded in 1976, Exodus International originally asserted that conversion therapy, the reorientation of same-sex attraction, was possible.
Re-education camp may refer to: Re-education camps in the Cambodian Genocide Re-education through labor ( laojiao ), a system of administrative detentions in the People's Republic of China
Many health organizations around the world have denounced and criticized sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts. [1] [2] [3] National health organizations in the United States have announced that there has been no scientific demonstration of conversion therapy's efficacy in the last forty years.
The history of conversion therapy can be divided broadly into three periods: an early Freudian period; a period of mainstream approval, when the mental health establishment became the "primary superintendent" of sexuality; and a post-Stonewall period where the mainstream medical profession disavowed conversion therapy. [1]