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Steiner tree, or Minimum spanning tree for a subset of the vertices of a graph. [2] (The minimum spanning tree for an entire graph is solvable in polynomial time.) Modularity maximization [5] Monochromatic triangle [3]: GT6 Pathwidth, [6] or, equivalently, interval thickness, and vertex separation number [7] Rank coloring; k-Chinese postman
A recursive tree is a labeled rooted tree where the vertex labels respect the tree order (i.e., if u < v for two vertices u and v, then the label of u is smaller than the label of v). In a rooted tree, the parent of a vertex v is the vertex connected to v on the path to the root; every vertex has a unique parent, except the root has no parent. [24]
A cut or split is trivial when one of its two sides has only one vertex in it; every trivial cut is a split. A graph is said to be prime (with respect to splits) if it has no nontrivial splits. [2] Two splits are said to cross if each side of one split has a non-empty intersection with each side of the other split.
The tree decomposition of a graph is far from unique; for example, a trivial tree decomposition contains all vertices of the graph in its single root node. A tree decomposition in which the underlying tree is a path graph is called a path decomposition, and the width parameter derived from these special types of tree decompositions is known as ...
When modelling relations between two different classes of objects, bipartite graphs very often arise naturally. For instance, a graph of football players and clubs, with an edge between a player and a club if the player has played for that club, is a natural example of an affiliation network, a type of bipartite graph used in social network analysis.
A cutpoint, cut vertex, or articulation point of a graph G is a vertex that is shared by two or more blocks. The structure of the blocks and cutpoints of a connected graph can be described by a tree called the block-cut tree or BC-tree. This tree has a vertex for each block and for each articulation point of the given graph.
As with finite graphs, a tree is a connected graph with no finite cycles, and a spanning tree can be defined either as a maximal acyclic set of edges or as a tree that contains every vertex. [ 27 ] The trees within a graph may be partially ordered by their subgraph relation, and any infinite chain in this partial order has an upper bound (the ...
On the left a centered tree, on the right a bicentered one. The numbers show each node's eccentricity. To give another class of examples, every free tree T has a separator S consisting of a single vertex, the removal of which partitions T into two or more connected components, each of size at most n ⁄ 2.