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"Viroid-like elements" refer to pieces of covalently closed circular (ccc) RNA molecules that do not share the viroid's lifecycle. The category encompasses satellite RNAs (including small plant satRNAs " virusoids ", fungal " ambivirus ", and the much larger HDV -like Ribozyviria ) and "retroviroids".
Depending on whether a lax or strict definition is used, the term virusoid may also include Hepatitis D virus (HDV). Like plant virusoids, HDV is circular, single-stranded, and supported by a helper virus (Hepatitis B virus) to form virions; however, the virions possess a much larger genome size (~1700 nt) and encode a protein.
With a seeming uptick in food recalls at stores and restaurants nationwide linked to foodborne illnesses, here is what you need to know to stay safe.
Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) [1] is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, [2] as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that every year 48 million Americans, or roughly one in six people, get sick from foodborne illnesses, and about 3,000 cases each year are ...
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. [1] An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection.
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Potato spindle tuber viroid; V. Virusoid This page was last edited on 31 January 2024, at 13:38 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative ...