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His study proved contaminated water was the main agent spreading cholera, although he did not identify the contaminant. It would take many years for this message to be believed and fully acted upon. [41] In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–1855. [42]
The cholera epidemics in Spain were a series of morbid cholera outbreaks that occurred from the first third of the 19th century until the end of the same century in the large cities of Spain. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In total, some 800,000 people died during the four pandemics that occurred in Spain during that century.
Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure. [3] Cholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others. [2] It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. [2] Undercooked shellfish is a common source. [9]
In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55. [27] The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. [ 15 ] During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease.
Cholera's penetration in Russia began at Baku, a port on the Caspian Sea. The disease spread upstream along the Volga to reach Moscow and St. Petersburg, where morbidity was relatively minor. The official death toll for 1892 was 300,321. The epidemic faded during the winter and 42,250 cholera deaths were recorded in 1893. [19]
The west-African outbreak of cholera during 1970–1971 infected more than 400,000 persons. [19] Africa had a high cholera fatality rate of 16% by 1962. 25 countries were infected by the end of 1971 and, between 1972 and 1991, cholera spread throughout much of the remainder of Africa. [18]
Drawing of Death bringing the cholera, in Le Petit Journal (1912).. The sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923) was a major outbreak of cholera beginning in India, where it killed more than 800,000 people, and spreading to the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe, and Russia.
Earlier outbreaks of cholera had occurred near Purnia in Bihar, but scholars think these were independent events. In 1817, cholera began spreading outside the Ganges Delta. By September 1817, the disease had reached Calcutta on the Bay of Bengal and quickly spread to the rest of the subcontinent.