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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Reduction mammoplasty (also breast reduction and reduction mammaplasty) is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts. In a breast reduction surgery for re-establishing a functional bust that is proportionate to the patient's body, the critical corrective consideration is the tissue viability of the nipple–areola complex (NAC), to ensure the functional sensitivity ...
MDCalc is a free online medical reference for healthcare professionals that provides point-of-care clinical decision-support tools, including medical calculators, scoring systems, and algorithms. [1] MDCalc is also a mobile and web app. [ 2 ] The decision-support tools are based on published clinical research, [ 3 ] and MDCalc’s content is ...
Furthermore, if a breast has already undergone irradiation (as in radiation therapy for treating breast cancer), there is a heightened risk of complications (e.g. reactive inflammation, occurrence of a chronic draining wound, etc.) for breast biopsies or other interventions to the breast, even those often considered "minor" surgeries. [4]
In addition, there are several important misconceptions regarding breast-conservation surgery for patients and clinicians to keep in mind. [8] In appropriately selected patients, mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery have equivalent survival rates. Undergoing mastectomy does not eliminate the risk for recurrent or new cancer.
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. [1] [2] In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer choose to have the operation as a preventive measure. [1]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
The technique was designed to allow a better-shaped breast, a limited amount of scarring, and a more accelerated healing process, by eliminating the lateral scar beneath the breast found in conventional breast reduction surgery. [3] The technique is considered to be a good alternative to vertical mammoplasty. [4]