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Ferrule. Eraser. A pencil (/ ˈpɛnsəl / ⓘ) is a writing or drawing implement with a solid pigment core in a protective casing that reduces the risk of core breakage and keeps it from marking the user's hand. Pencils create marks by physical abrasion, leaving a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of paper or other surface.
A pencil case or pencil box is a container used to store pencils. A pencil case can also contain a variety of other stationery such as sharpeners, pens, glue sticks, erasers, scissors, and rulers. Pencil cases can be made from a variety of materials such as wood or metal. Some pencil cases have a hard and rigid shell encasing the pens inside ...
In some cases it was transcribed phonetically using Chinese characters, [10] as is the case with the only surviving copies of The Secret History of the Mongols. Subjects from the Middle East hired into administrative functions would also often use Perso-Arabic script to write their Mongolian language documents.
The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobci, The Jebtsundamba Khutukhtus of Urga, The Modern History of Mongolia. Charles Roskelly Bawden, FBA (22 April 1924 – 11 August 2016) was a professor of the Mongolian language in the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London from 1970 to 1984.
e. Genghis Khan[a] (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, [b] was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns, conquering large parts of China and Central Asia. Born between 1155 and 1167 and given the name ...
Erdeniin Tobchi. ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ, summary of the Khans' treasure) is a national chronicle of the Mongols written by Saghang Sechen in 1662. [1] The Erdeniin Tobchi is commonly called The Chronicles of Sagang Sechen. [2] A first translation into a western language (German) was published by the Moravian missionary Isaac Jacob Schmidt in 1829. [3]
The work begins with a semi-mythical genealogy of Genghis Khan, born Temüjin. According to legend a blue-grey wolf and a fallow doe begat the first Mongol, named Batachiqan. Eleven generations after Batachiqan, a widow named Alan Gua was abandoned by her in-laws and left with her two boys Bügünütei and Belgünütei.
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206 – 1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. [4][5]