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Petechiae on the face and conjunctiva (eyes) are unrelated to asphyxiation or hypoxia. [10] However, the presence of petechiae may be used by police investigators in determining whether strangulation has been part of an attack. The documentation of the presence of petechiae on a victim can help police investigators prove the case. [11]
Individual purpura measure 3–10 mm (0.3–1 cm, 3 ⁄ 32-3 ⁄ 8 in), whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm. [2] A non-blanching rash can be a symptom of bacterial meningitis , [ 3 ] but this is not the exclusive cause.
They measure 3–10 mm, [3] whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm, and ecchymoses greater than 1 cm. [4] Purpura is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by meningococci or septicaemia. In particular, meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a Gram-negative diplococcus organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses.
Such lesions include petechia (less than 3 mm (0.12 in), resulting from numerous and diverse etiologies such as adverse reactions from medications such as warfarin, straining, asphyxiation, platelet disorders and diseases such as cytomegalovirus); [6] and purpura (3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in)), classified as palpable purpura or non-palpable ...
At least 70 percent of childhood cases will end up in remission within six months, even without treatment. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Moreover, a third of the remaining chronic cases will usually remit during follow-up observation, and another third will end up with only mild thrombocytopenia (defined as a platelet count above 50,000). [ 55 ]
There are numerous causes of palpable purpura, such as autoimmune diseases, drug reactions, vaccinations, and infections.The most common infectious causes are N. gonorrhoeae, S. aureus, and N. meningitides, however palpable purpura has also been caused by Mycoplasma spp., Rickettsiae, Mycobacterium, and very rarely by Treponema pallidum, Brucella spp., Yersinia, Campylobacter, and Bartonella.
Purpura fulminans is rare and most commonly occurs in babies and small children [25] but can also be a rare manifestation in adults when it is associated with severe infections. [26] For example, Meningococcal septicaemia is complicated by purpura fulminans in 10–20% of cases among children. [ 27 ]
Initially a vascular lesion is usually noted on the skin which can be firm and hard (indurated). Areas of tiny red dots (petechiae) can appear around the lesion or on other parts of the body. If the vascular lesion is internal, these petechiae and bruising can be seen on the skin. Bruising and spontaneous bleeding can also occur.