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Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination. [1]
A water buffalo chewing cud. Chewing is primarily an unconscious (semi-autonomic) act, but can be mediated by higher conscious input.The motor program for mastication is a hypothesized central nervous system function by which the complex patterns governing mastication are created and controlled.
The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. [2] [3] The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. [4]
Like lagomorphs, capybara create, expel & eat cecotropes to get more nutrition from their food. They may also regurgitate food to masticate again, similar to cud-chewing by a cow. [13] As with other rodents, the front teeth of capybara grow continually to compensate for the constant wear from eating grasses. [14] Their cheek teeth also grow ...
Chimpanzees in multiple locations have been observed chewing on the shoots of bitter-tasting plants to soothe their stomachs. Gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos swallow certain rough leaves whole ...
The hare, for chewing the cud without having cloven hooves. [2] [5] The pig, for having cloven hooves without chewing the cud. [6] [7] While camels possess a single stomach, and are thus not true ruminants, they do chew cud; additionally, camels do not have hooves at all, but rather separate toes on individual toe pads, with hoof-like toenails.
A hyrax showing its characteristic chewing, grunting behavior, and incisor tusks. Although not ruminants, hyraxes have complex, multichambered stomachs that allow symbiotic bacteria to break down tough plant materials, but their overall ability to digest fibre is lower than that of the ungulates. [10]
In general, most even-toed ungulates can be consumed as a kosher meat, with the principal exception of Suina (pigs, etc.) and hippopotamids, which are even-toed but do not chew the cud, and of Cetacea, which, for the purpose of rabbinic law, are considered to be scaleless fish, and thus not kosher.