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The first 41 bits are a timestamp, representing milliseconds since the chosen epoch. The next 10 bits represent a machine ID, preventing clashes. Twelve more bits represent a per-machine sequence number, to allow creation of multiple snowflakes in the same millisecond. The final number is generally serialized in decimal. [2]
Logarithmic number systems (LNSs) represent a real number by the logarithm of its absolute value and a sign bit. The value distribution is similar to floating point, but the value-to-representation curve (i.e., the graph of the logarithm function) is smooth (except at 0). Conversely to floating-point arithmetic, in a logarithmic number system ...
Short counts of 24–27 indicate the count value is in a following 8, 16, 32 or 64-bit extended count field. Values 28–30 are not assigned and must not be used. Types are divided into "atomic" types 0–1 and 6–7, for which the count field encodes the value directly, and non-atomic types 2–5, for which the count field encodes the size of ...
Significand precision: 237 bits (236 explicitly stored) The format is written with an implicit lead bit with value 1 unless the exponent is all zeros. Thus only 236 bits of the significand appear in the memory format, but the total precision is 237 bits (approximately 71 decimal digits: log 10 (2 237) ≈ 71.344). The bits are laid out as follows:
store a float value into a local variable #index: fstore_0 43 0100 0011 value → store a float value into local variable 0 fstore_1 44 0100 0100 value → store a float value into local variable 1 fstore_2 45 0100 0101 value → store a float value into local variable 2 fstore_3 46 0100 0110 value → store a float value into local variable 3 ...
Rather than storing values as a fixed number of bits related to the size of the processor register, these implementations typically use variable-length arrays of digits. Arbitrary precision is used in applications where the speed of arithmetic is not a limiting factor, or where precise results with very large numbers are required.
While a single bit, on its own, is able to represent only two values, a string of bits may be used to represent larger values. For example, a string of three bits can represent up to eight distinct values as illustrated in Table 1. As the number of bits composing a string increases, the number of possible 0 and 1 combinations increases ...
decimal: Decimal-encoded real numbers of arbitrary precision; Ion adds these types: timestamp: Date/time/time zone moments of arbitrary precision; symbol: Unicode symbolic atoms (aka identifiers) blob: Binary data of user-defined encoding; clob: Text data of user-defined encoding; sexp: Ordered collections of values with application-defined ...