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In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan, [1] [2] is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. [3] In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton.
The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, such as vertebrates, it is a large and very complex organ. [4] Some types of worms, such as leeches , also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".
The cranium is a single structure forming a case around the brain, enclosing the lower surface and the sides, but always at least partially open at the top as a large fontanelle. The most anterior part of the cranium includes a forward plate of cartilage, the rostrum, and capsules to enclose the olfactory organs.
The brain consumes up to 20% of the energy used by the human body, more than any other organ. [131] In humans, blood glucose is the primary source of energy for most cells and is critical for normal function in a number of tissues, including the brain. [ 132 ]
In the first year after birth the great wings and body unite, and the small wings extend inward above the anterior part of the body, and, meeting with each other in the middle line, form an elevated smooth surface, termed the jugum sphenoidale. By the twenty-fifth year the sphenoid and occipital are completely fused.
Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is the structural stroma that includes connective tissue such as the meninges , blood vessels , and ducts. The two main types of cells in the brain are neurons , also known as nerve cells, and glial cells , also known as neuroglia. [ 1 ]
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and diploblasts.
Vestibular nerve (part of cranial nerve 8) – the main equilibrioception-related cranial nerve; Peripheral chemoreceptor in the brain – monitors the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the brain Chemoreceptor trigger zone – area in the brain that receives inputs from drugs and hormones, and controls vomiting