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  2. Marine ecosystem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem

    From shallow waters to the deep sea, the open ocean to rivers and lakes, numerous terrestrial and marine species depend on the surface ecosystem and the organisms found there. [28] The ocean's surface acts like a skin between the atmosphere above and the water below, and harbours an ecosystem unique to this environment.

  3. Seawater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater

    The pH value at the surface of oceans in pre-industrial time (before 1850) was around 8.2. [9] Since then, it has been decreasing due to a human-caused process called ocean acidification that is related to carbon dioxide emissions: Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. [10]

  4. Paleosalinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosalinity

    Using the observed temperatures and salinities, in the modern ocean, is about 10 whilst at the LGM it is estimated to have been closer to 25. The modern thermohaline circulation is thus more controlled by density contrasts due to thermal differences, whereas during the LGM the oceans were more than twice as sensitive to differences in salinity ...

  5. Brine rejection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_rejection

    Brine rejection is a process that occurs when salty water freezes. The salts do not fit in the crystal structure of water ice, so the salt is expelled. Since the oceans are salty, this process is important in nature. Salt rejected by the forming sea ice drains into the surrounding seawater, creating saltier, denser brine.

  6. Ocean acidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification

    Ocean acidification can impact marine ecosystems that provide food and livelihoods for many people. About one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on the fishing, tourism, and coastal management services provided by coral reefs. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may therefore threaten food chains linked with the oceans. [9] [10]

  7. Human impact on marine life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life

    While the full implications of elevated CO 2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO 2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment. This ...

  8. Salinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity

    Whatever pore size is used in the definition, the resulting salinity value of a given sample of natural water will not vary by more than a few percent (%). Physical oceanographers working in the abyssal ocean , however, are often concerned with precision and intercomparability of measurements by different researchers, at different times, to ...

  9. Marine coastal ecosystem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem

    Salt marshes can be generally divided into the high marsh, low marsh, and the upland border. The low marsh is closer to the ocean, with it being flooded at nearly every tide except low tide. [53] The high marsh is located between the low marsh and the upland border and it usually only flooded when higher than usual tides are present. [53]