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Micrograph showing hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages, as seen in a pulmonary hemorrhage. H&E stain. An alveolar macrophage, pulmonary macrophage, (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage, a professional phagocyte, found in the airways and at the level of the alveoli in the lungs, but separated from their walls. [1]
Mucociliary clearance (MCC), mucociliary transport, or the mucociliary escalator describes the self-clearing mechanism of the airways in the respiratory system. [1] It is one of the two protective processes for the lungs in removing inhaled particles including pathogens before they can reach the delicate tissue of the lungs.
The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the MPS. The mononuclear phagocyte system and the monocyte macrophage system refer to two different entities, often mistakenly understood as one.
The short-term exposure attracts macrophages and neutrophils to the lung with a 4-fold increase in cellularity. [ 4 ] [ 2 ] Short duration also biases polarization towards M1 phenotype. The number of immune cells however will be normalized in 6 months, demonstrating the shift in signaling direction.
A siderophage is a hemosiderin-containing macrophage. Heart failure cells are siderophages generated in the alveoli of the lungs of people with left heart failure or chronic pulmonary edema, when the high pulmonary blood pressure causes red blood cells to pass through the vascular wall. [1] Siderophages are not specific of heart failure.
Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages in a case of vaping-associated pulmonary injury.Left: Papanicolaou stain; right: Oil Red O stain. [1]Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages, also known as pulmonary foam cells, [2] are cells found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens that consist of macrophages containing deposits of lipids (fats). [3]
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD): an acute lung condition with the presence of hyaline membranes. [2] These hyaline membranes are made up of dead cells, surfactant, and proteins. [1] The hyaline membranes deposit along the walls of the alveoli, where gas exchange typically occurs, thereby making gas exchange difficult.
The right lung is larger in size than the left, because of the heart's being situated to the left of the midline. The right lung has three lobes – upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and inferior), and the left lung has two – upper and lower (or superior and inferior), plus a small tongue-shaped portion of the upper lobe known as ...