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Short-path distillation is a distillation technique that involves the distillate traveling a short distance, often only a few centimeters, and is normally done at reduced pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Short-path distillation systems often have a variety of names depending on the manufacturer of the system and what compounds are being distilled within them.
The solvent is heated to reflux. The solvent vapour travels up a distillation arm, and floods into the chamber housing the thimble of solid. The condenser ensures that any solvent vapour cools, and drips back down into the chamber housing the solid material. The chamber containing the solid material slowly fills with warm solvent.
It is used as a solvent for cellulose, resins, and paints, and it has found use as an insect fumigant. [15] Polymers made from epichlorohydrin, e.g., polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins, are used in paper reinforcement and in the food industry to manufacture tea bags, coffee filters, and sausage/salami casings as well as with water purification. [16]
Extraction is a diffusion-based process, in which the solvent is required to diffuse into the matrix and the extracted material to diffuse out of the matrix into the solvent. Diffusivities are much faster in supercritical fluids than in liquids, and therefore extraction can occur faster.
Some high-boiling liquids that have an azeotrope with water can be dried by adding toluene or another azeotrope-breaking solvent to allow the extraction of water. The Dean–Stark method is commonly used to measure moisture content of items such as bread in the food industry. This equipment can be used in cases other than simple removal of water.
Vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure is a type of distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points.
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The method of extractive distillation uses a separation solvent, which is generally non-volatile, has a high boiling point and is miscible with the mixture, but doesn't form an azeotropic mixture. The solvent interacts differently with the components of the mixture thereby causing their relative volatilities to change.
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