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Polycarp (/ ˈ p ɒ l i k ɑːr p /; Greek: Πολύκαρπος, Polýkarpos; Latin: Polycarpus; AD 69 – 155) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna. [2] According to the Martyrdom of Polycarp, he died a martyr, bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to consume his body. [3]
The earliest known use of the term "Apostolic(al) Fathers" was by William Wake in 1693, when he was chaplain in ordinary to King William and Queen Mary of England. [2] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , the use of the term Apostolic Fathers can be traced to the title of a 1672 work by Jean-Baptiste Cotelier , SS.
Part of the skepticism regarding the MartPol text has centered on the number of parallels with the passion narratives of the Gospels, including Polycarp's prediction of his capture and death (5.2), the eirenarch named Herod (6.2), the arrest of Polycarp "with weapons as if he were a criminal" (7.1), and Polycarp being carried on a donkey back ...
2.2.1 Changed dates of observation. 2.2.2 Deletions. 3 References. ... 25 The Conversion of St Paul. 26 Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, Apostolic man, Martyr 155 or 156.
It is highly probable that 1 and 2 Timothy were known and used by Polycarp in his epistle to the Philippians. [21] Polycarp is known to have died around 155–167, so this would seem to set an upper limit for the dating of the pastoral epistles.
Very little is known of Papias apart from what can be inferred from his own writings. He is described as "an ancient man who was a hearer of John and a companion of Polycarp" by Polycarp's disciple Irenaeus (c. 180). [4] Eusebius adds that Papias was Bishop of Hierapolis around the time of Ignatius of Antioch. [5]
Scholars generally agree that Pol. Phil. is an authentic epistle of Polycarp. [1]: 27ff One potential objection to the authenticity of the epistle, however, is the apparent chronological inconsistency between Chapters 9 and 13.
Saint Polycarp was a Quartodeciman. [3] [4]There is scholarly disagreement on which tradition is the original. Some scholars believe that Sunday observance began before Quartodecimanism, while others have argued that Quartodecimanism was original. [5]