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A major part of this network will consist of interconnected pipes. This network creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design, with solution methods typically referred to as pipe network analysis. Water utilities generally make use of specialized software to automatically solve these problems.
In this article, the following conventions and definitions are to be understood: The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = V D / ν, where V is the mean velocity of fluid flow, D is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluid's Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluid's density.
The sizes of network components can be more readily modified and recalculated on a computer than through a manual process. The 2013 NFPA 13 handbook includes a supplement which describes some of the application theory and processes applied when performing hydraulic calculations. [5]
The hydraulic actuators respond to changes of pressure or flow and will open/close the valve. Automatic control valves do not require an external power source, meaning that the fluid pressure is enough to open and close them.
The conversion factor k was chosen so that the values for C were the same as in the Chézy formula for the typical hydraulic slope of S=0.001. [9] The value of k is 0.001 −0.04. [10] Typical C factors used in design, which take into account some increase in roughness as pipe ages are as follows: [11]
A simple open center hydraulic circuit. An excavator; main hydraulics: Boom cylinders, swing drive, cooler fan, and trackdrive Fundamental features of using hydraulics compared to mechanics for force and torque increase/decrease in a transmission. Hydraulic machines use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are a ...
When hydraulic pressure is applied down a control line, the hydraulic pressure forces a sleeve within the valve to slide downwards. This movement compresses a large spring and pushes the flapper downwards to open the valve. When hydraulic pressure is removed, the spring pushes the sleeve back up and causes the flapper to shut.
A hydraulic cylinder is the actuator or "motor" side of this system. The "generator" side of the hydraulic system is the hydraulic pump which delivers a fixed or regulated flow of oil to the hydraulic cylinder, to move the piston. There are three types of pump widely used: hydraulic hand pump, hydraulic air pump, and hydraulic electric pump.