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The latissimus dorsi, to use the muscles' proper name, are the wide, fan-shaped muscles that make up the majority of your mid-back. The lats are especially consequential for several reasons.
The "lat" sometimes added before "pull-down" commonly refers to the latissimus dorsi used in the movement. Most exercises describe the muscle that is involved and the direction of the exercise e.g. biceps curl, triceps extension, leg press, hamstring curl, abdominal curl and so on.
The latissimus dorsi (/ l ə ˈ t ɪ s ɪ m ə s ˈ d ɔːr s aɪ /) is a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline.
Muscles Worked: Transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, hip flexors, erector spinae muscles, scapular muscles and latissimus dorsi.
The latissimus dorsi muscle is best targeted with the elbow close to the torso, bringing it to the hip. It is assisted by the lower trapezius fibers in adducting the scapulae. The latissimus dorsi originate in fascia of the lower back, so the mass is pulled to a place closer to the pelvis. This reduces the amount of work the lower back has to do.
[1] [3] [4] The trapezius, infraspinatus, and brachialis muscles are most active at the beginning of the pull-up; the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and biceps brachii reach peak activity during the middle of the movement, and the triceps brachii and subscapularis experienced maximum activity at the top of the movement. [5]
Pullovers can be made to affect either the chest or the back depending on how wide the grip is (barbell) and the position of the shoulders. A research done on the pullover movement using a barbell suggested more effect on the pectoralis major muscle as compared to the latissimus dorsi. [2]
Latissimus dorsi; Posterior fibres of deltoid; Teres major; of forearm at elbow [2] Posterior compartment of the arm. Triceps brachii; Anconeus; of hand at wrist [3] Posterior compartment of the forearm. Extensor carpi radialis longus; Extensor carpi radialis brevis; Extensor carpi ulnaris; Extensor digitorum; of phalanges, at all joints ...