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An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...
Abacus of the Rampurva capital from the time of Emperor Ashoka, 3rd century BCE, India. In śilpaśāstra, the ancient Indian science of sculpture, the abacus is commonly termed as phalaka (or phalakā). [6] It consists of a flat plate and forms part of the standard pillar . The phalaka should be constructed below the potikā ("bracket"). It is ...
Uruk period: globular envelope with a cluster of accountancy tokens, from Susa. Louvre Museum. The earliest known writing for record keeping emerged from a system of accounting that used small clay tokens.
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a decimal place-value numeral system that uses a zero glyph as in "205". [1]Its glyphs are descended from the Indian Brahmi numerals.The full system emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries, and is first described outside India in Al-Khwarizmi's On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), and second Al-Kindi's four-volume work On the Use of the Indian ...
The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than Eastern Arabic numerals or Indian numerals. The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci [ 1 ] ( Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci .
The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum".
Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent [1] from 1200 BCE [2] until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata , Brahmagupta , Bhaskara II , Varāhamihira , and Madhava .
The history of mathematics deals with the origin of discoveries in ... or Chinese abacus. ... The earliest civilization on the Indian subcontinent is the ...