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Output of a computer model of underwater acoustic propagation in a simplified ocean environment. A seafloor map produced by multibeam sonar. Underwater acoustics (also known as hydroacoustics) is the study of the propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water, its contents and its boundaries.
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Biomass estimation is a method of detecting and quantifying fish and other marine organisms using sonar technology. [1] An acoustic transducer emits a brief, focused pulse of sound into the water. If the sound encounters objects that are of different density than the surrounding medium, such as fish, they reflect some sound back toward the source.
Sound travels more slowly in fresh water than in sea water, though the difference is small. The speed is determined by the water's bulk modulus and mass density. The bulk modulus is affected by temperature, dissolved impurities (usually salinity), and pressure. The density effect is small. The speed of sound (in feet per second) is approximately:
Upsweep is an unidentified sound detected on the American NOAA's equatorial autonomous hydrophone arrays. This sound was present when the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory began recording its sound surveillance system, SOSUS, in August 1991. It consists of a long train of narrow-band upsweeping sounds of several seconds in duration each.
The impact of underwater sound can be reduced by limiting the sound exposure received by an animal. The maximum sound exposure level recommended by Southall et al. [54] for cetaceans is 215 dB re 1 μPa 2 s for hearing damage. Maximum sound pressure level for behavioural effects is dependent on context (Southall et al. [54]).
Popper AN and Fay RR (1993) "Sound detection and processing by fish: critical review and major research questions" (2 parts) Brain, behavior and evolution, 41 (1): 14–25. doi : 10.1159/000338719 PDF part 1 PDF part 2
The small fish Danionella cerebrum makes the loudest sound for its size of any fish, using muscles to tension a cartilage; this is released to strike the swim bladder. [10] Aquatic animals use mechanoreceptors to detect acoustic signals.
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