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When an intracellular parasite goes to enter a host cell, it is particular about the type of host cell. This is because most intracellular parasites are able to infect only a few different cell types. [21] Viruses use a number of host receptors to gain entry to the cell, usually by causing endocytosis. [7]
Parasite life cycles involving only one host are called "direct"; those with a definitive host (where the parasite reproduces sexually) and at least one intermediate host are called "indirect". [12] [13] An endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an ectoparasite lives outside, on the host's surface. [14]
The trypomastigotes enter the host through the bite wound or by crossing mucous membranes. The host cells contain macromolecules such as laminin, thrombospondin, heparin sulphate, and fibronectin that cover their surface. [11] These macromolecules are essential for adhesion between parasite and host and for the process of host invasion by the ...
Oviposition depends on finding the host and on evading host defences; the ovipositor is a tube-like organ used to inject eggs into hosts, sometimes much longer than the wasp's body. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Hosts such as ants often behave as if aware of the wasps' presence, making violent movements to prevent oviposition.
In their Parasite Immunology article on worms and viral infections, Kamal et al. explain why some parasitic worms aggravate the immune response. [13] Because parasitic worms often induce Th2 cells and lead to suppressed Th1 cells, problems arise when Th1 cells are needed. [13] Such cases occur with viral diseases. [13]
Inside the cells they undergo spontaneous transformation into oval-shaped amastigotes. [22] [23] Granulocytes selectively kill the promastigotes by oxidative mechanism, while amastigotes are resistant. [24] Then the surviving amastigotes undergo cell division using simple binary fission. Multiplication continues until the host cell can no ...
E. histolytica induces tissue damage by three main events: direct host cell death, inflammation, and parasite invasion. Once the trophozoites are excysted in the terminal ileum region, they colonize the large bowel, remaining on the surface of the mucus layer and feeding on bacteria and food particles.
Dividing T. gondii parasites. Toxoplasma gondii (/ ˈ t ɒ k s ə ˌ p l æ z m ə ˈ ɡ ɒ n d i. aɪ,-iː /) is a species of parasitic alveolate that causes toxoplasmosis. [3] Found worldwide, T. gondii is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, [4]: 1 but felids are the only known definitive hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction.
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